Cheat Sheets

SQL Cheat Sheet

Quick reference for SQL — from basic SELECT queries to joins, aggregations, window functions, CTEs, and DDL.

Query. Filter. Aggregate.

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Querying

SELECTSELECT *SELECT DISTINCTAS (alias)LIMITOFFSETORDER BYORDER BY multiple

Filtering

WHEREComparison operatorsAND / ORNOTINNOT INBETWEENLIKENOT LIKEILIKEIS NULLIS NOT NULLEXISTS

Aggregation

COUNTSUMAVGMIN / MAXGROUP BYHAVINGGROUP BY multipleCOUNT DISTINCT

Joins

INNER JOINLEFT JOINRIGHT JOINFULL OUTER JOINCROSS JOINSELF JOINMultiple joins

Subqueries

Subquery (WHERE)Subquery (FROM)Correlated subqueryScalar subquery

CTEs

WITH (CTE)Multiple CTEsRecursive CTE

Window Functions

ROW_NUMBERRANKDENSE_RANKPARTITION BYSUM (running total)LAGLEADFIRST_VALUELAST_VALUENTILE

Set Operations

UNIONUNION ALLINTERSECTEXCEPT

Insert, Update, Delete

INSERTINSERT multipleINSERT SELECTUPDATEUPDATE multiple colsDELETETRUNCATE

Table DDL

CREATE TABLEDROP TABLEDROP IF EXISTSALTER — add columnALTER — drop columnALTER — rename columnRENAME TABLECREATE INDEXCREATE UNIQUE INDEX

Constraints

PRIMARY KEYFOREIGN KEYUNIQUENOT NULLDEFAULTCHECK

Conditional & NULL

CASE WHENCASE (simple)COALESCENULLIFIIF / IF

String Functions

UPPER / LOWERLENGTH / LENTRIMSUBSTRINGCONCATREPLACELIKE patternPOSITION / CHARINDEXLEFT / RIGHT

Date Functions

NOW / GETDATECURRENT_DATEDATE_PART / EXTRACTDATE_TRUNCDATEDIFFDATE_ADD / INTERVALCAST to dateFORMAT date

Numeric Functions

ROUNDFLOOR / CEILINGABSMODPOWERSQRTCAST numeric

Views & Transactions

CREATE VIEWDROP VIEWBEGINCOMMITROLLBACKSAVEPOINT